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The GMO
Article by Alizee, Caroline, Clemence, Laurine
A genetically modified organism is an organism in which has been artificially introduced one or several genes. These genes could be unknown for the species from which belongs this organism, or could belong to the species but having undergone several genetic manipulation. The introduction of these genes leads to the production of proteins, which attribute news characters to the genetically modified organism.
The GMO interest is in the properties that we could bring to them and which aimed to improve the cultivation of plants or its nutritional qualities. The most present genes in the GMO are to resist an antibiotic, a weed killer or a toxin.
The GMO history started almost 40 years ago with the first transformed bacterium in 1973. The first vegetal genetically modified, or transgenic, appeared in 1983. The GMO represent today an important issue in our society. Indeed, if the GMO advantages are clearly visible, the risks are still unknown by the population. However, a strong growth is expected to the next years. The nutritional characteristics of crops will be more and more modified (for example, the increase of Vitamin A in the rice). It is important to consider our GMO consummation and to put in place some security and detection devices as long as we will not know the GMO consequences on the Human and on the environment.
GMO repartition
United states of america is the first country to use more GMO on the world (50%). Argentin use 17% , it’s the second country following by Brasil with 13%. India use only 6 % of the GMO ressources of the world like Canada. China compose 3% of the GMO ressources. The 5% restant come from other countries.
GMO creation
a) Vegetal GMO creation :
· - Direct method: the direct gene transfer is realized thanks to the introduction in DNA of a gene of interest, conveyed most of the time by a plasmid with physico-chemical methods.
- The microinjection
- The biolistique
- The technique of liposomes
- The electrolocation
Indirect method: this method use pathogenic agents such as viruses or bacteria. The most often used vectors are the agrobacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaction’s (responsible of the gall and crown gall.
The biological transfection.
Animal GMO creation
The micro-injection technique is often use to obtain transgenic or genetically modified animals. With the aids of an extremely fine needle, we inject a solution of DNA molecules, which contains the genes conferring the desirable characteristics, as the disease resistance. The genes are incorporated into the animal cell genome so that the cells start to show the characters determined by the new gene. This micro injection technique could be precious in agriculture.
c) Création d'une bactérie OGM :
In certain bacteria, we find small natural circular segments of DNA called plasmids, which can be used in genetic. The Plasmid DNA can be easily removed from the bacterial cell, modified by the addition of a new gene, reinserted in the cell. Equipped with the new gene, the bacterial cell can make the product of this gene as if it was its. As bacteria reproduce very fast, it is possible to use strong concentration of bacteria carriers of the modified plasmids and to produce commercially significant quantities of genic product, for example a food additive or an animal vaccine.
Advantages and disadvantages at different scales
a) Advantages
· At the level of the medicine
- Transgenic animals produce medicines
- Transplanting animal organs into human beings
- Vaccines without stings
- The production of molecules (insulin, growth hormones)
· At the level of agriculture
- The GMO plants can resist the devastating by the production of their own pesticide
- Allow a faster development of plants and animals
- Improve the nutritional value and the gustative qualities of food
- GMO resist the extreme weather conditions
- Reducing of the losses of production
- Their production cost is less compared with the biological cultures
- We could also reduce the risk of allergy to food as peanut or walnuts.
b) Disadvantages
· at the health level
- The GMO plants are not enough controlled before the product is on the market.
- The plants which can resist to weed killer are watered with weed killer and are then consumed by animals and the man arrives at the end of food chain.
- Food alergies were noticed with GMO
· at the environemental level
- Weed killer pollute soil and it is necessary to increase the use of weed killer since weed become resistant.
- GMO are a threat towards the biodiversity Because the pollen can contaminate not GMO plants and the natural stumps could disappear definitively
· GMO study perform
Terje Traavic, Molecular biologist of the Institute of genetic ecology, says that « one of the major risks is that 95% of the scientists work for the company and only 5% are truly independent.
In 2007, a 3 mouths study led by the CRIIGEN reveals 60 significant differences between rats, which consumed genetically modified corn, and the rats of the witness group. The differences affect loins, brain, heart, liver and weight of animals. These reports, " could be forerunners of toxicity, " asserts Greenpeace
Conclusion
Today, the transgenesis is a new technique, which raises numerous questions.
In spite of the several advantages that it presents, it also has lots of important risks, which are often badly known by the scientists. Several years would be needed before knowing the real impact of GMO on the environment and the consumers. Indeed, even the scientists are disagreeing with regard to the evaluation of GMO before their sale. Lots of time will be necessary before non-hazardous GMO are developed and maybe even more time before the acceptance of its by the population.
For the moment, tests must be doing because those of today are too weak. Before that, we must not commercialise GMO, but in the same time, we shouldn’t destroy the fields cultivated under greenhouse: it is necessary to determine if the GMO are dangerous or not.
So, it is necessary to let the scientists continue their research in order to develop non-hazardous GMO, which could improve the life of world population.
It is also important that these GMO are profitable for everyone, not only for the large company as Monsanto, but also to the farmers and population of the third world. Indeed, even if the advantage that we could feed the entire world and mostly the population developing countries with GMO is often cited, this one is not sincere in fact, as we saw it.
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